Spacecraft Fall Silent as Mars Disappears Behind the Sun

The space between Earth and Mars is usually buzzing with science data, telemetry, and commands racing to and from almost a dozen missions at the Red Planet. But for roughly one and a half days this November, communication between the planets will fall silent as Mars passes behind the Sun.

Tis the Season for Conjunction

Solar conjunction for Mars occurs roughly once every 25 months. During conjunction, Mars is located on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth.

Around the time of conjunction, the radio signals used to send commands from Earth to the spacecraft and to receive signals from the spacecraft can be disturbed by the Sun’s active atmosphere – the solar corona.

This image was acquired using the Visual Monitoring Camera (VMC) on ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft on November 10, 2023, at 06:28:27 UTC. It was taken from an altitude of 7690.16 km above Mars, during Mars Express orbit number 25073 and the 2023 Mars solar conjunction. Credit: ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

The period of time during which communications are significantly disturbed depends on the size and power of a Mars spacecraft’s communication equipment, but typically takes place while the angle in the sky between the Sun and Mars as seen from Earth is within 3–4°.

In 2023, this period lasts from early November to early December.

As a result of the disruption, mission controllers can’t reliably send commands to, or receive data from their spacecraft. Special precautions have to be taken.

During the conjunction season, the Sun’s corona interferes with the radio signals used to communicate with missions at Mars.
Credit: ESA/AOES Medialab, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

Preparing for Communication Challenges

For ESA’s Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (known as MEX and TGO, because we enjoy our acronyms), this means ‘uplinking’ all the critical instructions the spacecraft would need to operate without any contact from Earth for the entire period. That’s three or four weeks of commands when we normally send up only one week at a time.

Of course, these conjunctions also affect the missions of other space agencies – and this kind of thing isn’t unique to Mars.

Generated view of Mars behind the Sun when viewed from Earth during the solar conjunction of 2023. During conjunction, it is difficult or even impossible to exchange data between spacecraft at Mars and ground stations on Earth as the solar corona or, rarely, the disc of the Sun itself, interfere or obstruct radio communication. Credit: ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

Ground Stations to Full Power!

Due to the disturbance from the Sun’s atmosphere during conjunction season, we have to reduce the amount of data we exchange with MEX and TGO.

We cut the amount of data that we ‘uplink’ to MEX, for example, down from 2000 bits per second to just 250, and reduce the amount of data that MEX sends down to Earth to as little as 300 bits per second.

We also set our Estrack ground stations to maximum transmission power to make sure our spacecraft hears us loud and clear despite the disturbance, i.e., we use a louder voice but say fewer words.

View from the webcam at ESA’s deep space ground station in New Norcia, Western Australia, as the antenna communicates with ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft on November 10, 2023. Credit: ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

This limits the kind of information that MEX can send to its operators on Earth to ‘housekeeping’ data – health status and telemetry – and is too low for MEX to send any science data.

Like a diver holding their breath, any data gathered by MEX’s instruments during the conjunction period must be stored in the limited onboard memory until the period is over.

What makes the 2023 conjunction special?

Mars Express arrived at the Red Planet on December 25, 2003, and is one of Europe’s longest-serving missions. The team celebrated 20 years since launch this summer with the first-ever live webcast from another planet.

This will be MEX’s tenth solar conjunction and TGO’s third. However, as the orbits of Mars and Earth have slightly different inclinations, Mars doesn’t usually pass directly behind the Sun.

Two decades ago, on June 2, 2003, ESA’s Mars Express orbiter launched and began its journey to the Red Planet – Europe’s first-ever mission to Mars. Credit: ESA

The 2023 conjunction is unusual in that it will be the first time that Mars passes behind the disc of the Sun since the two ESA spacecraft arrived.

While Mars is behind the Sun, for roughly one and a half days on 17–18 November, communication with MEX and TGO won’t just be limited, it’ll be impossible. 

These windows of limited or impossible communication between Earth and Mars will pose a challenge for future human settlers, too.

Are You Worried?

“At the beginning of the mission, the team was very cautious about conjunctions,” says James Godfrey, Spacecraft Operations Manager for Mars Express. “If something goes seriously wrong during the conjunction period, it could be difficult to recover the spacecraft until it’s over.

“We used to suspend all science operations. But, over the years, we’ve only ever experienced minor disruptions.”

The orbits of the inner planets on November 17 and 18, 2023. Mars and Earth are located on opposite sides of the Sun, marking the 2023 solar conjunction. Credit: ESA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

“In 2019, we discovered that we can continue using some of MEX’s instruments in a limited way, as long as all commands are uploaded before the season begins, and all science data are stored on board until the season ends.

“Originally, planning for conjunctions was a very manual process,” says James Godfrey. “But over the years, it’s become largely routine.”

Peter Schmitz, Spacecraft Operations Manager for Trace Gas Orbiter, adds: “With its larger communications antenna and data storage capacity, TGO is able to continue with its data relay activities for Mars surface assets throughout the conjunction period – even when Mars is directly behind the Sun – and prepare to downlink all of the stored data to Earth when it is once again safe to do so.”