A study of nearly 10,000 Americans reveals new insights about long COVID, a condition presenting symptoms such as fatigue and brain fog persisting for months or years post-COVID-19 infection, with more severity in patients infected prior to the 2021 Omicron variant. Researchers have developed a symptom-based scoring system to identify long COVID, discovered four symptom clusters, and underscored the necessity of understanding the biological mechanisms of long COVID for designing effective treatments.
Pennington Biomedical is a member of the RECOVER Consortium, which is funded by the NIH. This consortium has been responsible for recognizing the most common symptoms, determining potential subcategories, and devising an initial scoring system based on symptoms.
Preliminary results from a research study involving around 10,000 Americans, a significant number of whom were infected with COVID-19, have revealed fresh insights into long COVID. This term refers to the spectrum of post-infection conditions that can potentially impact almost all tissues and organs in the human body. These clinical symptoms, which range from fatigue and brain fog to dizziness, can persist for months or even years after a person recovers from COVID-19.
The investigation, which received funding from the National Institutes of Health, also discovered that long COVID manifested more frequently and severely in participants who contracted the virus before the emergence of the Omicron variant in 2021.
The study, published in JAMA, is coordinated through the NIH’s Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) initiative, a nationwide effort dedicated to understanding why some people develop long-term symptoms following COVID-19, and most importantly, how to detect, treat, and prevent long COVID. The researchers hope this study is the next step toward potential treatments for long COVID, which affects the health and well-being of millions of Americans.
“Americans living with long COVID want to understand what is happening with their bodies,” said ADM Rachel L. Levine, M.D., Assistant Secretary for Health. “RECOVER, as part of a broader government response, in collaboration with academia, industry, public health institutions, advocacy organizations, and patients, is making great strides toward improving our understanding of long COVID and its associated conditions.”
Researchers examined data from 9,764 adults, including 8,646 who had COVID-19 and 1,118 who did not have COVID-19. They assessed more than 30 symptoms across multiple body areas and organs and applied statistical analyses that identified 12 symptoms that most set apart those with and without long COVID: post-exertional malaise, fatigue, brain fog, dizziness, gastrointestinal symptoms, heart palpitations, issues with sexual desire or capacity, loss of smell or taste, thirst, chronic cough, chest pain, and abnormal movements.
They then established a scoring system based on patient-reported symptoms. By assigning points to each of the 12 symptoms, the team gave each patient a score based on symptom combinations. With these scores in hand, researchers identified a meaningful threshold for identifying participants with long COVID. They also found that certain symptoms occurred together and defined four subgroups or “clusters” with a range of impacts on health.
“We are joined with researchers across the U.S. in the RECOVER Consortium working to improve treatments for long COVID,” said Dr. John Kirwan, Executive Director of Pennington Biomedical. “Our findings in the Journal of the American Medical Association identified the most common symptoms, potential subgroups, and an initial symptom-based scoring system for people with long COVID.”
Based on a subset of 2,231 patients in this analysis who had a first COVID-19 infection on or after Dec. 1, 2021, when the Omicron variant was circulating, about 10% experienced long-term symptoms or long COVID after six months. The results are based on a survey of a highly diverse set of patients and are not final. Survey results will next be compared for accuracy against an array of lab tests and imaging.
To date, more than 100 million Americans have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. As of April, the federal government’s Household Pulse survey estimates that about 6% of those infected with the virus continue to experience and suffer from the many symptoms termed together as long COVID. Patients and researchers have identified more than 200 symptoms associated with long COVID.
“This study is an important step toward defining long COVID beyond any one individual symptom,” said study author Leora Horwitz, M.D., director of the Center for Healthcare Innovation and Delivery Science, and co-principal investigator for the RECOVER Clinical Science Core, at NYU Langone Health. “This approach — which may evolve over time — will serve as a foundation for scientific discovery and treatment design.”
The researchers explain studying the underlying biological mechanisms of long COVID is central to advancing informed interventions and identifying effective treatment strategies.
In addition to establishing the scoring system, the researchers found that participants who were unvaccinated or who had COVID-19 before the Omicron strain emerged in 2021 were more likely to have long COVID and more severe cases of long COVID. Further, reinfections were also linked to higher long COVID frequency and severity, compared to people who only had COVID-19 once.
“While the score developed in this study is an important research tool and early step toward diagnosing and monitoring patients with long COVID, we recognize its limitations,” said David C. Goff, M.D., Ph.D., director of the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, part of NIH. Goff serves as an epidemiology lead for NIH RECOVER. “All patients suffering from long COVID deserve the attention and respect of the medical field, as well as care and treatment driven by their experiences. As treatments are developed, it will be important to consider the complete symptom profile.”
Reference: “Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection” by Tanayott Thaweethai, Sarah E. Jolley, Elizabeth W. Karlson, Emily B. Levitan, Bruce Levy, Grace A. McComsey, Lisa McCorkell, Girish N. Nadkarni, Sairam Parthasarathy, Upinder Singh, Tiffany A. Walker, Caitlin A. Selvaggi, Daniel J. Shinnick, Carolin C. M. Schulte, Rachel Atchley-Challenner, Leora I. Horwitz, Andrea S. Foulkes and RECOVER Consortium Authors, for the RECOVER Consortium, 25 May 2023, JAMA.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2023.8823
The ongoing RECOVER research serves as the foundation for planned clinical trials, whose interventions are rooted in many of the symptoms outlined in this study. RECOVER clinical trials are expected to begin enrolling patient participants in 2023.
This research was funded by NIH agreements OT2HL161841, OT2HL161847, and OT2HL156812. Additional support came from grant R01 HL162373.
